GUI guidelines are now well established, and modern application designers can simply follow existing best practices. This is unlikely to surprise today's scrollbar users, but because the screen image actually moves up when users scroll toward the end of a document, the study's outcome wasn't obvious in advance. Our findings? To view additional content in a long document, people think of a "down" operation, so a downward-pointing arrow is the best choice. Among other things, we conducted user testing to find the best mental model for controlling the display when there was more information than a single screen could hold. The Mac's graphical user interface - characterized by windows, icons, menus, and a user-controlled pointer (that is, WIMP) - was also not new.Ä«efore the Mac, my GUI projects used a PERQ workstation from Three Rivers Computer Corporation. (Admittedly, the original mouse was not especially appealing: As I have experienced first-hand, the initial model was a heavy brick with an awkward-to-push button.) That the mouse took 16 years to move from the lab to popular use is a striking example of how slowly things move in the tech business - particularly when it comes to getting diverging designs into widespread use. Its most prominent feature, the mouse, had been invented by Doug Engelbart in 1968. ![]() The Mac didn't pioneer any individual user-interface innovation. In fact, the Mac was originally manufactured in the Fremont, California building that now houses Nielsen Norman Group. The Macintosh computer was introduced January 24, 1984.
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